A Gobe: Birane Sun Nutse Cikin Datti

A farkon matakin juyin juya halin masana'antu a ƙarni na 19, manyan biranen kamar London da Paris sun fuskanci ƙaruwar yawan jama'a, yayin da kayayyakin more rayuwa na birane suka kasance na zamanin da. Sharar ɗan adam, ruwan sharar gida, da sharar gidajen yanka ana yawan zubar da su a cikin magudanar ruwa ko kuma kai tsaye cikin koguna da ke kusa. Matsugunin "masu sharar gida na dare" ya samo asali ne don kawar da sharar, duk da haka yawancin abin da suka tattara ana zubar da su ne kawai a ƙasa.

A lokacin, Kogin Thames ya kasance babban tushen ruwan sha a Landan da kuma mafi girman magudanar ruwa a buɗe. Gawarwakin dabbobi, shara da suka ruɓe, da kuma najasar ɗan adam suna shawagi a cikin kogin, suna kumfa da kumfa a ƙarƙashin rana. Masu kuɗi galibi suna tafasa ruwansu kafin su sha, ko kuma su maye gurbinsa da giya ko barasa, yayin da ƙananan mutane ba su da wani zaɓi illa su sha ruwan kogin da ba a yi wa magani ba.

Masu Ƙarfafawa: Babban Ƙamshi da Taswirar Mutuwa

Shekarar 1858 ta nuna wani muhimmin sauyi a lokacin barkewar "Babban Ƙamshi". Wani yanayi mai zafi da ba a saba gani ba ya hanzarta rugujewar abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa a cikin Thames, yana fitar da hayakin hydrogen sulphide mai yawa wanda ya rufe London har ma ya shiga cikin labulen Majalisun Dokoki. An tilasta wa 'yan majalisa rufe tagogi da zane mai jiƙa lemun tsami, kuma an kusa dakatar da zaman majalisar.

A halin yanzu, Dr John Snow yana tattara taswirar mutuwar kwalara da ya shahara a yanzu. A lokacin barkewar cutar kwalara a gundumar Soho ta Landan a shekarar 1854, Snow ya gudanar da bincike gida-gida kuma ya gano yawancin mace-macen da suka faru a kan famfon ruwa guda ɗaya da ke kan titin Broad Street. Da yake musanta ra'ayin da ake da shi, ya cire makullin famfon, bayan haka barkewar cutar ta ragu sosai.

Tare, waɗannan abubuwan sun bayyana gaskiya ɗaya tilo: gauraya ruwan shara da ruwan sha yana haifar da mace-mace mai yawa. Babban "ka'idar miasma", wacce ta yi iƙirarin cewa cututtuka suna yaɗuwa ta hanyar iska mai ƙazanta, ta fara rasa inganci. Shaidu da ke nuna cewa ana yaɗa cutar ta hanyar ruwa sun taru a hankali kuma, a cikin shekaru da suka biyo baya, a hankali suka kawar da ka'idar miasma.

Mu'ujizar Injiniya: Haihuwar Babban Cocin Karkashin Ƙasa

Bayan Babban Tsami, a ƙarshe an tilasta wa Landan ta ɗauki mataki. Sir Joseph Bazalgette ya gabatar da wani babban shiri: gina magudanar ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 132 da aka gina da tubali don toshe magudanar ruwa a gefen kogin Thames biyu, tare da tattara ruwan shara daga faɗin birnin sannan a kai shi gabas don a zubar da shi a Beckton.

Wannan babban aikin, wanda aka kammala sama da shekaru shida (1859-1865), ya ɗauki ma'aikata sama da 30,000 kuma ya cinye tubalan sama da miliyan 300. Raminan da aka gama sun yi girma sosai don kekunan dawaki su ratsa ta ciki kuma daga baya aka yi musu laƙabi da "katangar ƙasa" ta zamanin Victorian. Kammala tsarin najasa na Landan ya nuna kafa ƙa'idodin magudanar ruwa na zamani na birni - daga dogaro da narkewar yanayi zuwa tattarawa da sarrafa jigilar gurɓatattun abubuwa.

Fitowar Magani: Daga Canjawa Zuwa Tsarkakewa

Duk da haka, sauƙin canja wurin ruwa ya mayar da matsalar koma baya. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, fasahar sarrafa ruwan shara ta farko ta fara samun ƙarfi:

A shekarar 1889, an gina masana'antar tace ruwan shara ta farko a duniya da ke amfani da ruwan sama mai guba a Salford, Birtaniya, ta amfani da gishirin lemun tsami da ƙarfe don daidaita daskararrun da aka daka.

A shekarar 1893, Exeter ya gabatar da matatar farko ta halitta, inda ya fesa ruwan shara a kan gadajen dutse da aka niƙa inda fina-finan ƙwayoyin cuta suka lalata kwayoyin halitta. Wannan tsarin ya zama ginshiƙin fasahar maganin halittu.

A farkon karni na 20, masu bincike a Tashar Gwaji ta Lawrence da ke Massachusetts sun lura da kwararar ruwa mai yawa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke samarwa a lokacin gwaje-gwajen iska mai tsawo. Wannan binciken ya nuna ƙarfin tsarkakewa mai ban mamaki na al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma, a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, ya rikide zuwa tsarin kwararar ruwa mai aiki wanda yanzu ya shahara.

Farkawa: Daga Gata Mai Kyau zuwa Haƙƙin Jama'a

Idan aka yi la'akari da wannan lokacin ci gaba, manyan canje-canje guda uku sun bayyana:

A fahimta, daga kallon ƙamshi mara kyau a matsayin abin damuwa kawai zuwa fahimtar ruwan shara a matsayin mai haifar da cututtuka masu kisa;

A cikin alhaki, daga ikon mutum ɗaya zuwa alhakin jama'a da gwamnati ke jagoranta;

A fannin fasaha, daga fitar da ruwa daga jiki zuwa tattarawa da kuma magani.

Sau da yawa manyan mutane ne ke ƙoƙarin yin gyare-gyare a farkon lokaci waɗanda suka sha wahala kai tsaye daga warin - 'yan majalisar dokokin London, masana masana'antu na Manchester, da jami'an ƙananan hukumomi na Paris. Duk da haka lokacin da ya bayyana cewa cutar kwalara ba ta nuna bambanci ta hanyar aji ba, kuma gurɓataccen yanayi ya koma kan teburin kowa, tsarin ruwan sharar jama'a ya daina zama zaɓi na ɗabi'a kuma ya zama dole don rayuwa.

Amsoshi: Tafiya Mai Wuya

A farkon ƙarni na 20, ƙarni na farko na masana'antun tace ruwan shara sun fara aiki, galibi suna hidimar manyan birane a ƙasashe masu ci gaba. Duk da haka, yawancin al'ummar duniya suna rayuwa ba tare da tsaftar muhalli ba. Duk da haka, an kafa wani muhimmin tushe: wayewa ba wai kawai ta hanyar iya samar da wadata ba ce, har ma da alhakinta na sarrafa sharar ta.

A yau, a tsaye a cikin ɗakunan sarrafawa masu haske da tsari, ana kallon bayanai suna gudana a cikin allon dijital, yana da wuya a yi tunanin warin shaƙewa wanda ya daɗe yana ratsa kogin Thames shekaru 160 da suka gabata. Duk da haka, wannan zamanin ne, wanda aka yiwa alama da ƙazanta da mace-mace, wanda ya haifar da farkawar ɗan adam ta farko a cikin dangantakarsa da ruwan sharar gida - canji daga juriya mara aiki zuwa shugabanci mai aiki.

Kowace masana'antar sarrafa ruwan shara ta zamani tana aiki cikin sauƙi a yau tana ci gaba da wannan juyin juya halin injiniya wanda ya fara a zamanin Victoria. Yana tunatar da mu cewa a bayan muhalli mai tsabta akwai ci gaba da ci gaban fasaha da kuma jin nauyin da ke ɗorewa.

Tarihi yana aiki a matsayin ginshiƙin ci gaba. Daga magudanar ruwa ta Landan zuwa wuraren sarrafa ruwa na zamani, ta yaya fasaha ta sake fasalin makomar ruwan shara? A babi na gaba, za mu koma ga halin da ake ciki, muna mai da hankali kan ƙalubalen aiki da iyakokin fasaha na tsaftace ruwan shara na birni, kuma mu binciki yadda injiniyoyi na zamani ke ci gaba da rubuta sabbin shafuka a cikin wannan tafiya ta tsarkakewa marar ƙarewa.